Rating Group: National Federation of Independent Business

2007-2008 Positions

Issues: Business and Consumers
How to Interpret these Evaluations
State Office Name Party Rating
AK U.S. Senate-Sr Lisa Murkowski R 91
AK U.S. House-At-Large Don Young R 70
AL U.S. Senate-Sr Richard Shelby R 82
AL U.S. Senate-Jr Jeff Sessions III R 91
AL U.S. House-1 Jo Bonner, Jr. R 90
AL U.S. House-3 Mike Rogers R 89
AL U.S. House-4 Robert Aderholt R 90
AL U.S. House-6 Spencer Bachus R 90
AR U.S. Senate-Sr Mark Pryor D 64
AR U.S. Senate-Jr John Boozman R 90
AZ U.S. Senate-Sr John McCain III R 100
AZ U.S. Senate-Jr Jeff Flake R 50
AZ U.S. House-3 Raúl Grijalva D 60
AZ U.S. House-7 Ed Pastor D 60
AZ U.S. House-8 Trent Franks R 80
CA U.S. Senate-Sr Dianne Feinstein D 55
CA U.S. Senate-Jr Barbara Boxer D 60
CA U.S. House-5 Mike Thompson D 60
CA U.S. House-6 Doris Matsui D 60
CA U.S. House-9 Jerry McNerney D 60
CA U.S. House-11 George Miller D 60
CA U.S. House-12 Nancy Pelosi D 33
CA U.S. House-13 Barbara Lee D 60
CA U.S. House-14 Jackie Speier D 75
CA U.S. House-16 Jim Costa D 70
CA U.S. House-17 Mike Honda D 50
CA U.S. House-18 Anna Eshoo D 60
CA U.S. House-19 Zoe Lofgren D 56
CA U.S. House-20 Sam Farr D 60
CA U.S. House-22 Devin Nunes R 90
CA U.S. House-23 Kevin McCarthy R 89
CA U.S. House-24 Lois Capps D 60
CA U.S. House-25 Buck McKeon R 89
CA U.S. House-28 Adam Schiff D 67
CA U.S. House-30 Brad Sherman D 60
CA U.S. House-31 Gary Miller R 89
CA U.S. House-32 Grace Napolitano D 60
CA U.S. House-33 Henry Waxman D 56
CA U.S. House-34 Xavier Becerra D 50
CA U.S. House-38 Linda Sánchez D 60
CA U.S. House-39 Ed Royce R 70
CA U.S. House-40 Lucille Roybal-Allard D 60
CA U.S. House-42 Ken Calvert R 90
CA U.S. House-43 Maxine Waters D 60
CA U.S. House-45 John Campbell III R 67
CA U.S. House-46 Loretta Sanchez D 50
CA U.S. House-48 Dana Rohrabacher R 67
CA U.S. House-49 Darrell Issa R 89
CA U.S. House-53 Susan Davis D 60
CA Mayor-At-Large Bob Filner D 63
CO U.S. Senate-Sr Mark Udall D 50
CO U.S. House-1 Diana DeGette D 60
CO U.S. House-5 Doug Lamborn R 90
CO U.S. House-7 Ed Perlmutter D 60
CO Commissioner of Agriculture John Salazar N/A 60
CT U.S. Senate-Jr Chris Murphy D 60
CT U.S. House-1 John Larson D 60
CT U.S. House-2 Joe Courtney D 60
CT U.S. House-3 Rosa DeLauro D 60
DE U.S. Senate-Sr Tom Carper D 70
FL U.S. Senate-Sr William Nelson, Sr. D 64
FL U.S. House-1 Jefferson Miller R 90
FL U.S. House-4 Ander Crenshaw R 90
FL U.S. House-5 Corrine Brown D 43
FL U.S. House-7 John Mica R 89
FL U.S. House-12 Gus Bilirakis R 90
FL U.S. House-13 Bill Young R 89
FL U.S. House-14 Kathy Castor D 60
FL U.S. House-16 Vern Buchanan R 90
FL U.S. House-20 Alcee Hastings, Sr. D 50
FL U.S. House-23 Debbie Wasserman Schultz D 63
FL U.S. House-25 Mario Diaz-Balart R 90
FL U.S. House-27 Ileana Ros-Lehtinen R 89
FL Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Services Adam Putnam R 90
GA U.S. Senate-Sr Saxby Chambliss R 100
GA U.S. Senate-Jr Johnny Isakson R 100
GA U.S. House-1 Jack Kingston R 80
GA U.S. House-2 Sanford Bishop, Jr. D 56
GA U.S. House-3 Lynn Westmoreland R 70
GA U.S. House-4 Hank Johnson, Jr. D 60
GA U.S. House-5 John Lewis D 67
GA U.S. House-6 Tom Price R 80
GA U.S. House-10 Paul Broun R 75
GA U.S. House-11 Phil Gingrey R 80
GA U.S. House-12 John Barrow D 67
GA U.S. House-13 David Scott D 60
GA Governor Nathan Deal R 78
HI U.S. Senate-Jr Mazie Hirono D 60
HI Governor Neil Abercrombie D 60
IA U.S. Senate-Sr Chuck Grassley R 100
IA U.S. Senate-Jr Tom Harkin D 50
IA U.S. House-1 Bruce Braley D 56
IA U.S. House-2 Dave Loebsack D 60
IA U.S. House-3 Tom Latham R 90
IA U.S. House-4 Steve King R 90
ID U.S. Senate-Sr Mike Crapo R 91
ID U.S. House-2 Mike Simpson R 88
IL U.S. Senate-Sr Dick Durbin D 55
IL U.S. Senate-Jr Mark Kirk R 80
IL U.S. House-1 Bobby Rush D 50
IL U.S. House-3 Daniel Lipinski D 60
IL U.S. House-4 Luis Gutierrez D 43
IL U.S. House-6 Peter Roskam R 89
IL U.S. House-7 Danny Davis D 60
IL U.S. House-9 Jan Schakowsky D 60
IL U.S. House-11 Bill Foster D 75
IL U.S. House-15 John Shimkus R 90
IL Mayor-At-Large Rahm Emanuel D 60
IN U.S. Senate-Jr Joe Donnelly, Sr. D 60
IN U.S. House-1 Pete Visclosky D 60
IN U.S. House-7 André Carson D 75
IN Governor Mike Pence R 80
KS U.S. Senate-Sr Pat Roberts R 100
KS U.S. Senate-Jr Jerry Moran R 80
KS Governor Sam Brownback R 100
KY U.S. Senate-Sr Mitch McConnell R 100
KY U.S. House-1 Ed Whitfield R 80
KY U.S. House-3 John Yarmuth D 56
KY U.S. House-5 Hal Rogers R 90
LA U.S. Senate-Sr Mary Landrieu D 73
LA U.S. Senate-Jr David Vitter R 100
LA U.S. House-1 Steve Scalise R 100
LA U.S. House-3 Charles Boustany, Jr. R 90
LA U.S. House-5 Rodney Alexander R 89
MA U.S. House-1 Richard Neal D 56
MA U.S. House-2 Jim McGovern D 60
MA U.S. House-3 Niki Tsongas D 67
MA U.S. House-5 Ed Markey D 60
MA U.S. House-6 John Tierney D 60
MA U.S. House-7 Mike Capuano D 56
MA U.S. House-8 Stephen Lynch D 56
MD U.S. Senate-Sr Barbara Mikulski D 55
MD U.S. Senate-Jr Ben Cardin D 55
MD U.S. House-2 Dutch Ruppersberger D 60
MD U.S. House-3 John Sarbanes D 60
MD U.S. House-4 Donna Edwards D 100
MD U.S. House-5 Steny Hoyer D 60
MD U.S. House-7 Elijah Cummings D 60
MD U.S. House-8 Chris Van Hollen, Jr. D 67
ME U.S. Senate-Sr Susan Collins R 100
ME U.S. House-2 Mike Michaud D 60
MI U.S. Senate-Sr Carl Levin D 55
MI U.S. Senate-Jr Debbie Stabenow D 55
MI U.S. House-4 Dave Camp R 90
MI U.S. House-6 Fred Upton R 90
MI U.S. House-7 Tim Walberg R 90
MI U.S. House-8 Mike Rogers R 90
MI U.S. House-9 Sandy Levin D 56
MI U.S. House-10 Candice Miller R 80
MI U.S. House-12 John Dingell D 60
MI U.S. House-13 John Conyers, Jr. D 60
MN U.S. Senate-Sr Amy Klobuchar DFL 55
MN U.S. House-1 Tim Walz DFL 60
MN U.S. House-2 John Kline R 90
MN U.S. House-4 Betty McCollum DFL 60
MN U.S. House-5 Keith Ellison DFL 67
MN U.S. House-6 Michele Bachmann R 90
MN U.S. House-7 Collin Peterson DFL 44
MO U.S. Senate-Sr Claire McCaskill D 64
MO U.S. Senate-Jr Roy Blunt R 90
MO U.S. House-1 Lacy Clay, Jr. D 60
MO U.S. House-5 Emanuel Cleaver II D 67
MO U.S. House-6 Sam Graves R 89
MS U.S. Senate-Sr Thad Cochran R 100
MS U.S. Senate-Jr Roger Wicker R 100
MS U.S. House-2 Bennie Thompson D 60
MT U.S. Senate-Sr Max Baucus D 73
MT U.S. Senate-Jr Jon Tester D 73
NA President Barack Obama II D 50
NA Vice President Joe Biden, Jr. D 56
NA U.S. Secretary of Defense Charles Hagel R 90
NA U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry D 50
NC U.S. Senate-Sr Richard Burr R 100
NC U.S. House-1 G.K. Butterfield, Jr. D 56
NC U.S. House-3 Walter Jones, Jr. R 90
NC U.S. House-4 David Price D 60
NC U.S. House-5 Virginia Foxx R 80
NC U.S. House-6 Howard Coble R 80
NC U.S. House-7 Mike McIntyre D 60
NC U.S. House-10 Patrick McHenry R 90
NC U.S. House-12 Mel Watt D 60
NE U.S. House-1 Jeff Fortenberry R 90
NE U.S. House-2 Lee Terry R 90
NE U.S. House-3 Adrian Smith R 90
NH U.S. House-1 Carol Shea-Porter D 60
NJ U.S. Senate-Sr Frank Lautenberg D 55
NJ U.S. Senate-Jr Bob Menendez D 55
NJ U.S. House-1 Rob Andrews D 57
NJ U.S. House-2 Frank LoBiondo R 67
NJ U.S. House-4 Chris Smith R 70
NJ U.S. House-5 Scott Garrett R 90
NJ U.S. House-6 Frank Pallone, Jr. D 56
NJ U.S. House-8 Albio Sires D 60
NJ U.S. House-9 Bill Pascrell, Jr. D 56
NJ U.S. House-11 Rodney Frelinghuysen R 90
NJ U.S. House-12 Rush Holt, Jr. D 60
NM U.S. Senate-Sr Thomas Udall D 56
NM U.S. House-2 Steve Pearce R 89
NV U.S. Senate-Sr Harry Reid D 55
NV U.S. Senate-Jr Dean Heller R 90
NY U.S. Senate-Sr Chuck Schumer D 55
NY U.S. Senate-Jr Kirsten Gillibrand D 67
NY U.S. House-1 Tim Bishop D 60
NY U.S. House-2 Pete King R 80
NY U.S. House-3 Steve Israel D 60
NY U.S. House-4 Carolyn McCarthy D 60
NY U.S. House-5 Gregory Meeks D 60
NY U.S. House-7 Nydia Velázquez D 60
NY U.S. House-9 Yvette Clarke D 67
NY U.S. House-10 Jerry Nadler D 60
NY U.S. House-12 Carolyn Maloney D 67
NY U.S. House-13 Charlie Rangel D 60
NY U.S. House-14 Joe Crowley D 60
NY U.S. House-15 José Serrano D 60
NY U.S. House-16 Eliot Engel D 50
NY U.S. House-17 Nita Lowey D 60
NY U.S. House-25 Louise Slaughter D 60
NY U.S. House-26 Brian Higgins D 60
OH U.S. Senate-Sr Sherrod Brown D 55
OH U.S. House-1 Steve Chabot R 89
OH U.S. House-4 Jim Jordan R 90
OH U.S. House-5 Bob Latta R 80
OH U.S. House-8 John Boehner R 89
OH U.S. House-9 Marcy Kaptur D 50
OH U.S. House-10 Mike Turner R 89
OH U.S. House-12 Pat Tiberi R 89
OH U.S. House-13 Tim Ryan D 60
OK U.S. Senate-Sr Jim Inhofe R 89
OK U.S. Senate-Jr Thomas Coburn R 91
OK U.S. House-3 Frank Lucas R 90
OK U.S. House-4 Tom Cole R 89
OK Governor Mary Fallin R 90
OR U.S. Senate-Sr Ron Wyden D 64
OR U.S. House-2 Greg Walden R 89
OR U.S. House-3 Earl Blumenauer D 60
OR U.S. House-4 Peter DeFazio D 60
PA U.S. Senate-Sr Bob Casey, Jr. D 55
PA U.S. House-1 Bob Brady D 56
PA U.S. House-2 Chaka Fattah, Sr. D 56
PA U.S. House-6 Jim Gerlach R 80
PA U.S. House-9 Bill Shuster R 88
PA U.S. House-13 Allyson Schwartz D 56
PA U.S. House-14 Mike Doyle, Jr. D 60
PA U.S. House-15 Charlie Dent R 80
PA U.S. House-16 Joe Pitts R 90
PA U.S. House-18 Tim Murphy R 80
RI U.S. Senate-Sr Jack Reed D 55
RI U.S. Senate-Jr Sheldon Whitehouse D 45
RI U.S. House-2 Jim Langevin D 60
SC U.S. Senate-Sr Lindsey Graham R 100
SC U.S. House-2 Joe Wilson, Sr. R 90
SC U.S. House-6 Jim Clyburn D 60
SD U.S. Senate-Sr Timothy Johnson D 100
SD U.S. Senate-Jr John Thune R 100
TN U.S. Senate-Sr Lamar Alexander R 100
TN U.S. Senate-Jr Robert Corker R 91
TN U.S. House-2 John Duncan, Jr. R 80
TN U.S. House-5 Jim Cooper D 50
TN U.S. House-7 Marsha Blackburn R 89
TN U.S. House-9 Steve Cohen D 60
TX U.S. Senate-Sr John Cornyn R 100
TX U.S. House-1 Louie Gohmert R 88
TX U.S. House-2 Ted Poe R 67
TX U.S. House-3 Sam Johnson R 89
TX U.S. House-4 Ralph Hall R 90
TX U.S. House-5 Jeb Hensarling R 80
TX U.S. House-6 Joe Barton R 90
TX U.S. House-7 John Culberson R 100
TX U.S. House-8 Kevin Brady R 90
TX U.S. House-9 Al Green D 60
TX U.S. House-10 Michael McCaul R 80
TX U.S. House-11 Mike Conaway R 90
TX U.S. House-12 Kay Granger R 89
TX U.S. House-13 Mac Thornberry R 90
TX U.S. House-15 Rubén Hinojosa, Sr. D 56
TX U.S. House-18 Sheila Jackson Lee D 67
TX U.S. House-19 Randy Neugebauer R 90
TX U.S. House-21 Lamar Smith R 90
TX U.S. House-24 Kenny Marchant R 88
TX U.S. House-26 Michael Burgess R 80
TX U.S. House-28 Henry Cuellar D 70
TX U.S. House-29 Gene Green D 60
TX U.S. House-30 Eddie Johnson D 56
TX U.S. House-31 John Carter R 90
TX U.S. House-32 Pete Sessions R 90
TX U.S. House-35 Lloyd Doggett D 60
UT U.S. Senate-Sr Orrin Hatch R 100
UT U.S. House-1 Rob Bishop R 90
UT U.S. House-4 Jim Matheson D 70
VA U.S. House-1 Rob Wittman R 80
VA U.S. House-3 Bobby Scott D 60
VA U.S. House-4 Randy Forbes R 80
VA U.S. House-6 Bob Goodlatte R 90
VA U.S. House-7 Eric Cantor R 90
VA U.S. House-8 Jim Moran, Jr. D 56
VA U.S. House-10 Frank Wolf R 100
VT U.S. Senate-Sr Patrick Leahy D 55
VT U.S. Senate-Jr Bernie Sanders I 55
VT U.S. House-At-Large Peter Welch D 60
WA U.S. Senate-Sr Patty Murray D 55
WA U.S. Senate-Jr Maria Cantwell D 64
WA U.S. House-2 Rick Larsen D 60
WA U.S. House-4 Doc Hastings R 89
WA U.S. House-5 Cathy McMorris Rodgers R 90
WA U.S. House-7 Jim McDermott D 60
WA U.S. House-8 Dave Reichert R 80
WA U.S. House-9 Adam Smith D 44
WA Governor Jay Inslee D 71
WI U.S. Senate-Jr Tammy Baldwin D 60
WI U.S. House-1 Paul Ryan R 90
WI U.S. House-3 Ron Kind D 60
WI U.S. House-4 Gwen Moore D 60
WI U.S. House-5 Jim Sensenbrenner, Jr. R 80
WI U.S. House-6 Tom Petri R 90
WV U.S. Senate-Sr Jay Rockefeller IV D 55
WV U.S. House-2 Shelley Moore Capito R 100
WV U.S. House-3 Nick Rahall II D 60
WY U.S. Senate-Sr Mike Enzi R 91
WY U.S. Senate-Jr John Barrasso R 83
Gary Ackerman Other 60
Daniel Akaka, Sr. Other 55
Todd Akin Other 90
Wayne Allard Other 82
Thomas Allen Other 50
Jason Altmire Other 60
Michael Arcuri Other 60
Joe Baca, Sr. Other 60
Brian Baird Other 50
J. Gresham Barrett Other 80
Roscoe Bartlett Other 90
Evan Bayh Other 73
Melissa Bean Other 60
Bob Bennett Other 100
Shelley Berkley Other 60
Howard Berman Other 60
Marion Berry Other 50
Judy Biggert Other 90
Brian Bilbray Other 90
Jeff Bingaman Other 55
Kit Bond Other 100
Mary Bono Mack Other 90
Dan Boren Other 90
Leonard Boswell Other 60
Rick Boucher Other 67
Allen Boyd, Jr. Other 70
Nancy Boyda Other 70
Henry Brown, Jr. Other 90
Ginny Brown-Waite Other 89
Jim Bunning Other 100
Dan Burton Other 90
Steve Buyer Other 89
Robert Byrd Other 64
Chris Cannon Other 80
Dennis Cardoza Other 60
Russ Carnahan Other 60
Christopher Carney Other 60
Mike Castle Other 90
Donald Cazayoux, Jr. Other 50
Ben Chandler III Other 56
Travis Childers Other 50
Hillary Clinton Other 50
Norm Coleman Other 100
Kent Conrad Other 45
Jerry Costello Other 56
Larry Craig Other 91
Robert Cramer Other 78
Barbara Cubin Other 60
Artur Davis Other 60
David Davis Other 90
Geoff Davis Other 90
Lincoln Davis Other 67
Thomas Davis III Other 80
Bill Delahunt Other 50
James DeMint Other 91
Lincoln Diaz-Balart Other 90
Norm Dicks Other 60
Chris Dodd Other 50
Elizabeth Dole Other 100
Pete Domenici, Jr. Other 100
John Doolittle Other 88
Byron Dorgan Other 45
Thelma Drake Other 90
David Dreier Other 90
Chet Edwards Other 60
Vern Ehlers Other 90
Brad Ellsworth Other 60
Jo Ann Emerson Other 90
Philip English Other 78
John Ensign Other 90
Bob Etheridge Other 60
Terry Everett Other 90
Tom Feeney Other 100
Russ Feingold Other 36
Michael Ferguson Other 70
Vito Fossella, Jr. Other 80
Barney Frank Other 60
Elton Gallegly Other 89
Gabrielle Giffords Other 60
Wayne Gilchrest Other 100
Charlie Gonzalez Other 60
Virgil Goode, Jr. Other 80
Bart Gordon Other 60
Judd Gregg Other 91
John Hall Other 60
Phil Hare Other 60
Jane Harman Other 60
Robert Hayes Other 70
Wally Herger, Jr. Other 90
Stephanie Herseth Sandlin Other 60
Baron Hill Other 70
Maurice Hinchey Other 60
David Lee Hobson Other 90
Paul Hodes Other 60
Pete Hoekstra Other 89
Thomas Holden Other 56
Darlene Hooley Other 60
Kenny Hulshof Other 86
Duncan Hunter Other 78
Kay Hutchison Other 100
Bob Inglis, Sr. Other 89
Daniel Inouye Other 60
Jesse Jackson, Jr. Other 60
William Jefferson Other 57
Tim Johnson Other 63
Steve Kagen Other 56
Paul Kanjorski Other 60
Ric Keller Other 80
Edward Kennedy, Sr. Other 55
Patrick Kennedy Other 60
Dale Kildee Other 60
Carolyn Kilpatrick Other 60
Ron Klein Other 60
Joseph Knollenberg Other 90
Herb Kohl Other 55
Dennis Kucinich Other 56
John Kuhl, Jr. Other 90
Jon Kyl Other 91
Ray LaHood Other 89
Nicholas Lampson Other 75
Steve LaTourette Other 67
Jerry Lewis Other 90
Ron Lewis Other 89
Joe Lieberman Other 73
Blanche Lincoln Other 73
John Linder Other 80
Dick Lugar Other 100
Dan Lungren Other 90
Connie Mack IV Other 100
Tim Mahoney Other 70
Don Manzullo Other 80
Jim Marshall Other 50
Melquiades Martinez Other 100
Thaddeus McCotter Other 80
James McCrery III Other 88
John McHugh Other 67
Michael McNulty Other 60
Kendrick Meek, Sr. Other 56
Charlie Melancon, Sr. Other 60
Brad Miller Other 60
Harry Mitchell Other 60
Alan Mollohan Other 60
Dennis Moore Other 60
Patrick Murphy Other 60
Jack Murtha Other 56
Marilyn Musgrave Other 89
Sue Myrick Other 89
Ben Nelson Other 80
Jim Oberstar Other 60
Dave Obey Other 60
John Olver Other 60
Solomon Ortiz, Sr. Other 56
Ron Paul Other 67
Donald Payne Other 56
John Peterson Other 100
Charles Pickering, Jr. Other 75
Todd Platts Other 80
Earl Pomeroy Other 60
Jon Porter, Sr. Other 80
Deborah Pryce Other 88
George Radanovich Other 100
James Ramstad Other 80
Ralph Regula Other 89
Denny Rehberg Other 90
Richard Renzi Other 78
Silvestre Reyes Other 56
Thomas Reynolds Other 90
Laura Richardson Other 60
Ciro Rodriguez Other 60
Mike Ross Other 60
Steve Rothman Other 60
Ken Salazar Other 64
William Sali Other 90
Jim Saxton Other 67
Jean Schmidt Other 90
Joe Sestak, Jr. Other 60
John Shadegg Other 70
Christopher Shays Other 56
Heath Shuler Other 78
Ike Skelton Other 60
Gordon Smith Other 100
Olympia Snowe Other 100
Vic Snyder Other 60
Hilda Solis Other 56
Mark Souder Other 89
Zack Space Other 60
Arlen Specter Other 91
John Spratt, Jr. Other 60
Pete Stark Other 60
Cliff Stearns Other 80
Ted Stevens Other 100
Bart Stupak Other 60
John Sullivan Other 88
John Sununu Other 100
Betty Sutton Other 56
Tom Tancredo Other 63
John Tanner Other 60
Ellen Tauscher Other 60
Gene Taylor Other 60
Todd Tiahrt Other 89
Ed Towns Other 60
George Voinovich Other 90
James Walsh Other 80
Zach Wamp Other 90
John Warner Other 100
Diane Watson Other 60
Jim Webb, Jr. Other 64
Anthony Weiner Other 56
David Weldon Other 88
Gerald Weller Other 71
Robert Wexler Other 50
Charlie Wilson, Jr. Other 63
Heather Wilson Other 100
Lynn Woolsey Other 60
David Wu Other 60

How to Interpret these Evaluations

Keep in mind that ratings done by special interest groups often do not represent a non-partisan stance. In addition, some groups select votes that tend to favor members of one political party over another, rather than choosing votes based solely on issues concerns. Nevertheless, they can be invaluable in showing where an incumbent has stood on a series of votes in the past one or two years, especially when ratings by groups on all sides of an issue are compared. Website links, if available, and descriptions of the organizations offering performance evaluations are accessible by clicking on the name of the group.

Most performance evaluations are displayed in a percentage format. However, some organizations present their ratings in the form of a letter grade or endorsement based on voting records, interviews, survey results and/or sources of campaign funding. For consistency and ease in understanding, Project Vote Smart converts all scores into a percentage when possible. Please visit the group's website or call 1-888-VOTESMART for more specific information.