Rating Group: The Humane Society of the United States

2005-2006 Positions

State Office Name Party Rating
AK U.S. Senate-Sr Lisa Murkowski R 20%
AK U.S. House-At-Large Don Young R 14%
AL U.S. Senate-Sr Richard Shelby R 0%
AL U.S. Senate-Jr Jeff Sessions III R 0%
AL U.S. House-1 Jo Bonner, Jr. R 14%
AL U.S. House-3 Mike Rogers R 14%
AL U.S. House-4 Robert Aderholt R 56%
AL U.S. House-6 Spencer Bachus R 28%
AR U.S. Senate-Sr Mark Pryor D 40%
AR U.S. Senate-Jr John Boozman R 42%
AZ U.S. Senate-Sr John McCain III R 40%
AZ U.S. Senate-Jr Jeff Flake R 0%
AZ U.S. House-3 Raúl Grijalva D 100%
AZ U.S. House-7 Ed Pastor D 42%
AZ U.S. House-8 Trent Franks R 42%
CA U.S. Senate-Sr Dianne Feinstein D 100%
CA U.S. Senate-Jr Barbara Boxer D 100%
CA U.S. House-5 Mike Thompson D 85%
CA U.S. House-6 Doris Matsui D 100%
CA U.S. House-11 George Miller D 100%
CA U.S. House-12 Nancy Pelosi D 56%
CA U.S. House-13 Barbara Lee D 100%
CA U.S. House-16 Jim Costa D 28%
CA U.S. House-17 Mike Honda D 70%
CA U.S. House-18 Anna Eshoo D 100%
CA U.S. House-19 Zoe Lofgren D 100%
CA U.S. House-20 Sam Farr D 100%
CA U.S. House-22 Devin Nunes R 14%
CA U.S. House-24 Lois Capps D 100%
CA U.S. House-25 Buck McKeon R 42%
CA U.S. House-28 Adam Schiff D 100%
CA U.S. House-30 Brad Sherman D 100%
CA U.S. House-31 Gary Miller R 28%
CA U.S. House-32 Grace Napolitano D 100%
CA U.S. House-33 Henry Waxman D 100%
CA U.S. House-34 Xavier Becerra D 70%
CA U.S. House-38 Linda Sánchez D 56%
CA U.S. House-39 Ed Royce R 56%
CA U.S. House-40 Lucille Roybal-Allard D 70%
CA U.S. House-42 Ken Calvert R 56%
CA U.S. House-43 Maxine Waters D 56%
CA U.S. House-46 Loretta Sanchez D 85%
CA U.S. House-48 Dana Rohrabacher R 28%
CA U.S. House-49 Darrell Issa R 56%
CA U.S. House-53 Susan Davis D 100%
CA Mayor-At-Large Bob Filner D 56%
CO U.S. Senate-Sr Mark Udall D 70%
CO U.S. House-1 Diana DeGette D 70%
CO Commissioner of Agriculture John Salazar N/A 28%
CT U.S. House-1 John Larson D 70%
CT U.S. House-3 Rosa DeLauro D 100%
DE U.S. Senate-Sr Tom Carper D 80%
FL U.S. Senate-Sr William Nelson, Sr. D 80%
FL U.S. House-1 Jefferson Miller R 14%
FL U.S. House-4 Ander Crenshaw R 42%
FL U.S. House-5 Corrine Brown D 85%
FL U.S. House-7 John Mica R 42%
FL U.S. House-13 Bill Young R 70%
FL U.S. House-20 Alcee Hastings, Sr. D 70%
FL U.S. House-23 Debbie Wasserman Schultz D 85%
FL U.S. House-25 Mario Diaz-Balart R 56%
FL U.S. House-27 Ileana Ros-Lehtinen R 56%
FL Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Services Adam Putnam R 14%
GA U.S. Senate-Sr Saxby Chambliss R 20%
GA U.S. Senate-Jr Johnny Isakson R 20%
GA U.S. House-1 Jack Kingston R 14%
GA U.S. House-2 Sanford Bishop, Jr. D 42%
GA U.S. House-3 Lynn Westmoreland R 14%
GA U.S. House-5 John Lewis D 70%
GA U.S. House-6 Tom Price R 42%
GA U.S. House-11 Phil Gingrey R 28%
GA U.S. House-12 John Barrow D 14%
GA U.S. House-13 David Scott D 85%
GA Governor Nathan Deal R 42%
HI Governor Neil Abercrombie D 70%
IA U.S. Senate-Sr Chuck Grassley R 20%
IA U.S. Senate-Jr Tom Harkin D 60%
IA U.S. House-3 Tom Latham R 28%
IA U.S. House-4 Steve King R 0%
ID U.S. Senate-Sr Mike Crapo R 0%
ID U.S. House-2 Mike Simpson R 14%
ID Governor Butch Otter R 14%
IL U.S. Senate-Sr Dick Durbin D 100%
IL U.S. Senate-Jr Mark Kirk R 85%
IL U.S. House-1 Bobby Rush D 85%
IL U.S. House-3 Daniel Lipinski D 85%
IL U.S. House-4 Luis Gutierrez D 85%
IL U.S. House-7 Danny Davis D 100%
IL U.S. House-9 Jan Schakowsky D 100%
IL U.S. House-15 John Shimkus R 42%
IL Mayor-At-Large Rahm Emanuel D 85%
IN U.S. House-1 Pete Visclosky D 70%
IN Governor Mike Pence R 56%
KS U.S. Senate-Sr Pat Roberts R 20%
KS U.S. Senate-Jr Jerry Moran R 14%
KS Governor Sam Brownback R 0%
KY U.S. Senate-Sr Mitch McConnell R 20%
KY U.S. House-1 Ed Whitfield R 85%
KY U.S. House-5 Hal Rogers R 42%
LA U.S. Senate-Sr Mary Landrieu D 60%
LA U.S. Senate-Jr David Vitter R 60%
LA U.S. House-3 Charles Boustany, Jr. R 14%
LA U.S. House-5 Rodney Alexander R 28%
LA Governor Bobby Jindal R 42%
MA U.S. House-1 Richard Neal D 100%
MA U.S. House-2 Jim McGovern D 100%
MA U.S. House-5 Ed Markey D 100%
MA U.S. House-6 John Tierney D 85%
MA U.S. House-7 Mike Capuano D 85%
MA U.S. House-8 Stephen Lynch D 85%
MD U.S. Senate-Sr Barbara Mikulski D 80%
MD U.S. Senate-Jr Ben Cardin D 85%
MD U.S. House-2 Dutch Ruppersberger D 85%
MD U.S. House-5 Steny Hoyer D 56%
MD U.S. House-7 Elijah Cummings D 85%
MD U.S. House-8 Chris Van Hollen, Jr. D 100%
ME U.S. Senate-Sr Susan Collins R 100%
ME U.S. House-2 Mike Michaud D 85%
MI U.S. Senate-Sr Carl Levin D 100%
MI U.S. Senate-Jr Debbie Stabenow D 80%
MI U.S. House-4 Dave Camp R 14%
MI U.S. House-6 Fred Upton R 70%
MI U.S. House-8 Mike Rogers R 85%
MI U.S. House-9 Sandy Levin D 85%
MI U.S. House-10 Candice Miller R 28%
MI U.S. House-12 John Dingell D 14%
MI U.S. House-13 John Conyers, Jr. D 100%
MN U.S. House-2 John Kline R 56%
MN U.S. House-4 Betty McCollum DFL 100%
MN U.S. House-7 Collin Peterson DFL 42%
MN Governor Mark Dayton DFL 60%
MO U.S. Senate-Jr Roy Blunt R 14%
MO U.S. House-1 Lacy Clay, Jr. D 85%
MO U.S. House-5 Emanuel Cleaver II D 100%
MO U.S. House-6 Sam Graves R 0%
MS U.S. Senate-Sr Thad Cochran R 20%
MS U.S. Senate-Jr Roger Wicker R 0%
MS U.S. House-2 Bennie Thompson D 70%
MT U.S. Senate-Sr Max Baucus D 20%
NA President Barack Obama II D 60%
NA Vice President Joe Biden, Jr. D 60%
NA U.S. Secretary of Defense Charles Hagel R 40%
NA U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry D 100%
NC U.S. Senate-Sr Richard Burr R 20%
NC U.S. House-1 G.K. Butterfield, Jr. D 42%
NC U.S. House-3 Walter Jones, Jr. R 70%
NC U.S. House-4 David Price D 100%
NC U.S. House-5 Virginia Foxx R 14%
NC U.S. House-6 Howard Coble R 28%
NC U.S. House-7 Mike McIntyre D 42%
NC U.S. House-10 Patrick McHenry R 14%
NC U.S. House-12 Mel Watt D 56%
NE U.S. House-1 Jeff Fortenberry R 28%
NE U.S. House-2 Lee Terry R 14%
NH State Senate-3 Jeb Bradley R 56%
NJ U.S. Senate-Sr Frank Lautenberg D 100%
NJ U.S. House-1 Rob Andrews D 85%
NJ U.S. House-2 Frank LoBiondo R 100%
NJ U.S. House-4 Chris Smith R 100%
NJ U.S. House-5 Scott Garrett R 14%
NJ U.S. House-6 Frank Pallone, Jr. D 100%
NJ U.S. House-9 Bill Pascrell, Jr. D 100%
NJ U.S. House-11 Rodney Frelinghuysen R 85%
NJ U.S. House-12 Rush Holt, Jr. D 100%
NM U.S. Senate-Sr Thomas Udall D 85%
NM U.S. House-2 Steve Pearce R 14%
NV U.S. Senate-Sr Harry Reid D 40%
NY U.S. Senate-Sr Chuck Schumer D 80%
NY U.S. House-1 Tim Bishop D 85%
NY U.S. House-2 Pete King R 85%
NY U.S. House-3 Steve Israel D 100%
NY U.S. House-4 Carolyn McCarthy D 100%
NY U.S. House-5 Gregory Meeks D 70%
NY U.S. House-7 Nydia Velázquez D 70%
NY U.S. House-10 Jerry Nadler D 70%
NY U.S. House-12 Carolyn Maloney D 100%
NY U.S. House-13 Charlie Rangel D 70%
NY U.S. House-14 Joe Crowley D 100%
NY U.S. House-15 José Serrano D 85%
NY U.S. House-16 Eliot Engel D 100%
NY U.S. House-17 Nita Lowey D 85%
NY U.S. House-25 Louise Slaughter D 100%
NY U.S. House-26 Brian Higgins D 85%
OH U.S. Senate-Sr Sherrod Brown D 100%
OH U.S. House-1 Steve Chabot R 70%
OH U.S. House-8 John Boehner R 14%
OH U.S. House-9 Marcy Kaptur D 100%
OH U.S. House-10 Mike Turner R 70%
OH U.S. House-12 Pat Tiberi R 42%
OH U.S. House-13 Tim Ryan D 100%
OH Attorney General Michael DeWine R 80%
OK U.S. Senate-Sr Jim Inhofe R 20%
OK U.S. Senate-Jr Thomas Coburn R 0%
OK U.S. House-3 Frank Lucas R 14%
OK U.S. House-4 Tom Cole R 14%
OR U.S. Senate-Sr Ron Wyden D 80%
OR U.S. House-2 Greg Walden R 28%
OR U.S. House-3 Earl Blumenauer D 100%
OR U.S. House-4 Peter DeFazio D 100%
PA U.S. House-1 Bob Brady D 100%
PA U.S. House-2 Chaka Fattah, Sr. D 100%
PA U.S. House-6 Jim Gerlach R 100%
PA U.S. House-8 Mike Fitzpatrick R 100%
PA U.S. House-9 Bill Shuster R 56%
PA U.S. House-13 Allyson Schwartz D 100%
PA U.S. House-14 Mike Doyle, Jr. D 85%
PA U.S. House-15 Charlie Dent R 70%
PA U.S. House-16 Joe Pitts R 56%
PA U.S. House-18 Tim Murphy R 42%
RI U.S. Senate-Sr Jack Reed D 100%
RI U.S. House-2 Jim Langevin D 100%
RI Governor Linc Chafee I 80%
SC U.S. Senate-Sr Lindsey Graham R 40%
SC U.S. House-2 Joe Wilson, Sr. R 70%
SC U.S. House-6 Jim Clyburn D 100%
SD U.S. Senate-Sr Timothy Johnson D 40%
SD U.S. Senate-Jr John Thune R 0%
TN U.S. Senate-Sr Lamar Alexander R 20%
TN U.S. House-2 John Duncan, Jr. R 14%
TN U.S. House-5 Jim Cooper D 28%
TN U.S. House-7 Marsha Blackburn R 14%
TX U.S. Senate-Sr John Cornyn R 0%
TX U.S. House-1 Louie Gohmert R 0%
TX U.S. House-2 Ted Poe R 0%
TX U.S. House-3 Sam Johnson R 14%
TX U.S. House-4 Ralph Hall R 70%
TX U.S. House-5 Jeb Hensarling R 14%
TX U.S. House-6 Joe Barton R 28%
TX U.S. House-7 John Culberson R 14%
TX U.S. House-8 Kevin Brady R 14%
TX U.S. House-9 Al Green D 56%
TX U.S. House-10 Michael McCaul R 28%
TX U.S. House-11 Mike Conaway R 14%
TX U.S. House-12 Kay Granger R 14%
TX U.S. House-13 Mac Thornberry R 14%
TX U.S. House-15 Rubén Hinojosa, Sr. D 0%
TX U.S. House-18 Sheila Jackson Lee D 70%
TX U.S. House-19 Randy Neugebauer R 0%
TX U.S. House-21 Lamar Smith R 28%
TX U.S. House-24 Kenny Marchant R 28%
TX U.S. House-26 Michael Burgess R 42%
TX U.S. House-28 Henry Cuellar D 28%
TX U.S. House-29 Gene Green D 85%
TX U.S. House-30 Eddie Johnson D 100%
TX U.S. House-31 John Carter R 14%
TX U.S. House-32 Pete Sessions R 14%
TX U.S. House-35 Lloyd Doggett D 85%
UT U.S. Senate-Sr Orrin Hatch R 20%
UT U.S. House-1 Rob Bishop R 28%
UT U.S. House-4 Jim Matheson D 14%
VA U.S. House-3 Bobby Scott D 70%
VA U.S. House-4 Randy Forbes R 56%
VA U.S. House-6 Bob Goodlatte R 14%
VA U.S. House-7 Eric Cantor R 14%
VA U.S. House-8 Jim Moran, Jr. D 85%
VA U.S. House-10 Frank Wolf R 85%
VT U.S. Senate-Sr Patrick Leahy D 100%
VT U.S. Senate-Jr Bernie Sanders I 100%
WA U.S. Senate-Sr Patty Murray D 80%
WA U.S. Senate-Jr Maria Cantwell D 100%
WA U.S. House-2 Rick Larsen D 70%
WA U.S. House-4 Doc Hastings R 28%
WA U.S. House-5 Cathy McMorris Rodgers R 28%
WA U.S. House-7 Jim McDermott D 70%
WA U.S. House-8 Dave Reichert R 56%
WA U.S. House-9 Adam Smith D 85%
WA Governor Jay Inslee D 100%
WI U.S. Senate-Jr Tammy Baldwin D 100%
WI U.S. House-1 Paul Ryan R 28%
WI U.S. House-3 Ron Kind D 42%
WI U.S. House-4 Gwen Moore D 85%
WI U.S. House-5 Jim Sensenbrenner, Jr. R 14%
WI U.S. House-6 Tom Petri R 28%
WV U.S. Senate-Sr Jay Rockefeller IV D 0%
WV U.S. House-2 Shelley Moore Capito R 85%
WV U.S. House-3 Nick Rahall II D 100%
WY U.S. Senate-Sr Mike Enzi R 0%
Gary Ackerman Other 100%
Daniel Akaka, Sr. Other 100%
Todd Akin Other 28%
Wayne Allard Other 20%
George Allen Other 40%
Thomas Allen Other 100%
Joe Baca, Sr. Other 56%
Brian Baird Other 70%
Richard Hugh Baker Other 14%
J. Gresham Barrett Other 42%
Roscoe Bartlett Other 100%
Charlie Bass Other 100%
Evan Bayh Other 80%
Melissa Bean Other 70%
Bob Beauprez Other 28%
Bob Bennett Other 40%
Shelley Berkley Other 100%
Howard Berman Other 85%
Marion Berry Other 14%
Judy Biggert Other 100%
Michael Bilirakis Other 42%
Jeff Bingaman Other 0%
Sherwood Boehlert Other 70%
Kit Bond Other 0%
Henry Bonilla Other 28%
Mary Bono Mack Other 85%
Dan Boren Other 14%
Leonard Boswell Other 28%
Rick Boucher Other 42%
Allen Boyd, Jr. Other 14%
Henry Brown, Jr. Other 70%
Ginny Brown-Waite Other 28%
Jim Bunning Other 20%
Conrad Burns Other 0%
Dan Burton Other 70%
Steve Buyer Other 14%
Robert Byrd Other 80%
Chris Cannon Other 0%
Dennis Cardoza Other 28%
Russ Carnahan Other 85%
Julia Carson Other 100%
Edward Case Other 70%
Mike Castle Other 100%
Ben Chandler III Other 42%
Chris Chocola Other 28%
Hillary Clinton Other 100%
Norm Coleman Other 60%
Kent Conrad Other 20%
Jerry Costello Other 85%
Larry Craig Other 0%
Robert Cramer Other 56%
Barbara Cubin Other 42%
Artur Davis Other 70%
Geoff Davis Other 56%
James Davis Other 70%
Jo Ann Davis Other 70%
Lincoln Davis Other 28%
Thomas Davis III Other 85%
Bill Delahunt Other 85%
James DeMint Other 40%
Lincoln Diaz-Balart Other 56%
Norm Dicks Other 100%
Chris Dodd Other 100%
Elizabeth Dole Other 60%
Pete Domenici, Jr. Other 0%
John Doolittle Other 0%
Byron Dorgan Other 20%
Thelma Drake Other 14%
David Dreier Other 70%
Chet Edwards Other 14%
Vern Ehlers Other 56%
Jo Ann Emerson Other 28%
Philip English Other 100%
John Ensign Other 100%
Bob Etheridge Other 70%
Lane Evans Other 42%
Terry Everett Other 56%
Tom Feeney Other 0%
Russ Feingold Other 60%
Michael Ferguson Other 100%
Mark Foley Other 85%
Harold Ford, Jr. Other 28%
Vito Fossella, Jr. Other 70%
Barney Frank Other 85%
William Frist Other 20%
Elton Gallegly Other 70%
Jim Gibbons Other 42%
Wayne Gilchrest Other 56%
Paul Gillmor Other 42%
Charlie Gonzalez Other 85%
Virgil Goode, Jr. Other 42%
Bart Gordon Other 42%
Mark Green Other 42%
Judd Gregg Other 40%
Gilbert Gutknecht Other 28%
Jane Harman Other 56%
Katherine Harris Other 42%
Melissa Hart Other 42%
Robert Hayes Other 14%
J.D. Hayworth, Jr. Other 70%
Joel Hefley Other 28%
Wally Herger, Jr. Other 28%
Stephanie Herseth Sandlin Other 42%
Maurice Hinchey Other 100%
David Lee Hobson Other 70%
Pete Hoekstra Other 42%
Thomas Holden Other 42%
Darlene Hooley Other 85%
John Nathan Hostettler Other 70%
Kenny Hulshof Other 28%
Duncan Hunter Other 42%
Kay Hutchison Other 20%
Henry Hyde Other 70%
Bob Inglis, Sr. Other 42%
Daniel Inouye Other 80%
Ernest Istook, Jr. Other 0%
Jesse Jackson, Jr. Other 85%
William Jefferson Other 56%
James Merrill Jeffords Other 80%
William Lewis Jenkins Other 0%
Nancy Johnson Other 85%
Tim Johnson Other 56%
Paul Kanjorski Other 70%
Ric Keller Other 70%
Sue Kelly Other 100%
Edward Kennedy, Sr. Other 100%
Mark Kennedy Other 56%
Patrick Kennedy Other 85%
Dale Kildee Other 100%
Carolyn Kilpatrick Other 70%
Joseph Knollenberg Other 28%
Herb Kohl Other 60%
James Kolbe Other 14%
Dennis Kucinich Other 100%
John Kuhl, Jr. Other 56%
Jon Kyl Other 40%
Ray LaHood Other 28%
Tom Lantos Other 100%
Steve LaTourette Other 100%
James Leach Other 70%
Jerry Lewis Other 28%
Ron Lewis Other 42%
Joe Lieberman Other 100%
Blanche Lincoln Other 0%
John Linder Other 70%
Trent Lott, Sr. Other 40%
Dick Lugar Other 60%
Dan Lungren Other 42%
Connie Mack IV Other 28%
Don Manzullo Other 28%
Jim Marshall Other 28%
Melquiades Martinez Other 40%
Thaddeus McCotter Other 70%
James McCrery III Other 14%
John McHugh Other 42%
Cynthia Ann McKinney Other 14%
Michael McNulty Other 100%
Martin Meehan Other 100%
Kendrick Meek, Sr. Other 56%
Charlie Melancon, Sr. Other 14%
Juanita Millender-McDonald Other 70%
Brad Miller Other 85%
Alan Mollohan Other 56%
Dennis Moore Other 100%
Jack Murtha Other 42%
Marilyn Musgrave Other 28%
Sue Myrick Other 56%
Ben Nelson Other 40%
Robert William Ney Other 42%
Anne Northup Other 42%
Charles Norwood, Jr. Other 42%
James Nussle Other 14%
Jim Oberstar Other 14%
Dave Obey Other 42%
John Olver Other 85%
Solomon Ortiz, Sr. Other 42%
Thomas William Osborne Other 28%
Major Owens Other 85%
Michael Oxley Other 14%
Ron Paul Other 14%
Donald Payne Other 100%
John Peterson Other 14%
Charles Pickering, Jr. Other 0%
Todd Platts Other 85%
Richard Pombo Other 0%
Earl Pomeroy Other 28%
Jon Porter, Sr. Other 56%
Deborah Pryce Other 56%
George Radanovich Other 14%
James Ramstad Other 70%
Ralph Regula Other 56%
Denny Rehberg Other 14%
Richard Renzi Other 56%
Silvestre Reyes Other 56%
Thomas Reynolds Other 42%
Mike Ross Other 14%
Steve Rothman Other 85%
Jim Ryun Other 28%
Martin Olav Sabo Other 85%
Ken Salazar Other 0%
Rick Santorum Other 80%
Paul Sarbanes Other 80%
Jim Saxton Other 100%
John Schwarz Other 42%
John Shadegg Other 14%
E. Clay Shaw, Jr. Other 85%
Christopher Shays Other 100%
Donald Sherwood Other 42%
Robert Ruhl Simmons Other 100%
Ike Skelton Other 28%
Gordon Smith Other 20%
Olympia Snowe Other 100%
Vic Snyder Other 56%
Mike Sodrel Other 14%
Hilda Solis Other 100%
Mark Souder Other 28%
Arlen Specter Other 100%
John Spratt, Jr. Other 100%
Pete Stark Other 100%
Cliff Stearns Other 28%
Ted Stevens Other 60%
Ted Strickland Other 42%
Bart Stupak Other 42%
John Sullivan Other 14%
John Sununu Other 20%
John Sweeney Other 70%
James Talent Other 0%
Tom Tancredo Other 28%
John Tanner Other 56%
Ellen Tauscher Other 100%
Charles Taylor Other 14%
Gene Taylor Other 56%
Craig Thomas Other 0%
William Thomas Other 14%
Todd Tiahrt Other 14%
Ed Towns Other 70%
Stephanie Tubbs Jones Other 56%
George Voinovich Other 0%
James Walsh Other 56%
Zach Wamp Other 28%
John Warner Other 60%
Diane Watson Other 85%
Anthony Weiner Other 100%
David Weldon Other 28%
W. Curtis Weldon Other 100%
Gerald Weller Other 85%
Robert Wexler Other 100%
Heather Wilson Other 42%
Lynn Woolsey Other 100%
David Wu Other 100%
Albert Wynn Other 100%

How to Interpret these Evaluations

Keep in mind that ratings done by special interest groups often do not represent a non-partisan stance. In addition, some groups select votes that tend to favor members of one political party over another, rather than choosing votes based solely on issues concerns. Nevertheless, they can be invaluable in showing where an incumbent has stood on a series of votes in the past one or two years, especially when ratings by groups on all sides of an issue are compared. Website links, if available, and descriptions of the organizations offering performance evaluations are accessible by clicking on the name of the group.

Most performance evaluations are displayed in a percentage format. However, some organizations present their ratings in the form of a letter grade or endorsement based on voting records, interviews, survey results and/or sources of campaign funding. For consistency and ease in understanding, Project Vote Smart converts all scores into a percentage when possible. Please visit the group's website or call 1-888-VOTESMART for more specific information.