Rating Group: National Foreign Trade Council

2007-2008 Positions

Issues: Trade
State Office Name Party Rating
AK U.S. Senate-Sr Lisa Murkowski R 50%
AK U.S. House-At-Large Don Young R 50%
AL U.S. Senate-Sr Richard Shelby R 17%
AL U.S. Senate-Jr Jeff Sessions III R 17%
AL U.S. House-1 Jo Bonner, Jr. R 33%
AL U.S. House-3 Mike Rogers R 17%
AL U.S. House-4 Robert Aderholt R 0%
AL U.S. House-6 Spencer Bachus R 33%
AR U.S. Senate-Sr Mark Pryor D 17%
AR U.S. Senate-Jr John Boozman R 50%
AZ U.S. Senate-Jr Jeff Flake R 100%
AZ U.S. House-3 Raúl Grijalva D 33%
AZ U.S. House-7 Ed Pastor D 33%
AZ U.S. House-8 Trent Franks R 50%
CA U.S. Senate-Sr Dianne Feinstein D 33%
CA U.S. Senate-Jr Barbara Boxer D 0%
CA U.S. House-5 Mike Thompson D 50%
CA U.S. House-6 Doris Matsui D 50%
CA U.S. House-9 Jerry McNerney D 33%
CA U.S. House-11 George Miller D 33%
CA U.S. House-13 Barbara Lee D 50%
CA U.S. House-16 Jim Costa D 67%
CA U.S. House-17 Mike Honda D 50%
CA U.S. House-18 Anna Eshoo D 50%
CA U.S. House-19 Zoe Lofgren D 33%
CA U.S. House-20 Sam Farr D 50%
CA U.S. House-22 Devin Nunes R 50%
CA U.S. House-23 Kevin McCarthy R 50%
CA U.S. House-24 Lois Capps D 50%
CA U.S. House-25 Buck McKeon R 50%
CA U.S. House-28 Adam Schiff D 17%
CA U.S. House-30 Brad Sherman D 33%
CA U.S. House-31 Gary Miller R 50%
CA U.S. House-32 Grace Napolitano D 33%
CA U.S. House-33 Henry Waxman D 50%
CA U.S. House-34 Xavier Becerra D 50%
CA U.S. House-38 Linda Sánchez D 33%
CA U.S. House-39 Ed Royce R 33%
CA U.S. House-40 Lucille Roybal-Allard D 33%
CA U.S. House-42 Ken Calvert R 50%
CA U.S. House-43 Maxine Waters D 50%
CA U.S. House-45 John Campbell III R 33%
CA U.S. House-46 Loretta Sanchez D 33%
CA U.S. House-48 Dana Rohrabacher R 50%
CA U.S. House-49 Darrell Issa R 50%
CA U.S. House-50 Duncan Hunter R 17%
CA U.S. House-53 Susan Davis D 50%
CA Mayor-At-Large Bob Filner D 33%
CO U.S. Senate-Sr Mark Udall D 50%
CO U.S. House-1 Diana DeGette D 50%
CO U.S. House-5 Doug Lamborn R 50%
CO U.S. House-7 Ed Perlmutter D 33%
CO Commissioner of Agriculture John Salazar N/A 50%
CT U.S. Senate-Jr Chris Murphy D 50%
CT U.S. House-1 John Larson D 50%
CT U.S. House-2 Joe Courtney D 33%
CT U.S. House-3 Rosa DeLauro D 33%
DE U.S. Senate-Sr Tom Carper D 33%
FL U.S. Senate-Sr William Nelson, Sr. D 33%
FL U.S. House-1 Jefferson Miller R 33%
FL U.S. House-4 Ander Crenshaw R 50%
FL U.S. House-5 Corrine Brown D 50%
FL U.S. House-7 John Mica R 50%
FL U.S. House-13 Bill Young R 33%
FL U.S. House-14 Kathy Castor D 50%
FL U.S. House-16 Vern Buchanan R 50%
FL U.S. House-20 Alcee Hastings, Sr. D 33%
FL U.S. House-25 Mario Diaz-Balart R 50%
FL U.S. House-27 Ileana Ros-Lehtinen R 50%
FL Commissioner of Agriculture and Consumer Services Adam Putnam R 50%
GA U.S. Senate-Sr Saxby Chambliss R 17%
GA U.S. Senate-Jr Johnny Isakson R 17%
GA U.S. House-1 Jack Kingston R 50%
GA U.S. House-2 Sanford Bishop, Jr. D 50%
GA U.S. House-3 Lynn Westmoreland R 33%
GA U.S. House-4 Hank Johnson, Jr. D 33%
GA U.S. House-5 John Lewis D 50%
GA U.S. House-6 Tom Price R 50%
GA U.S. House-10 Paul Broun R 33%
GA U.S. House-11 Phil Gingrey R 50%
GA U.S. House-12 John Barrow D 33%
GA U.S. House-13 David Scott D 50%
GA Governor Nathan Deal R 50%
HI U.S. Senate-Jr Mazie Hirono D 33%
HI Governor Neil Abercrombie D 50%
IA U.S. Senate-Sr Chuck Grassley R 33%
IA U.S. Senate-Jr Tom Harkin D 0%
IA U.S. House-1 Bruce Braley D 17%
IA U.S. House-2 Dave Loebsack D 17%
IA U.S. House-3 Tom Latham R 50%
IA U.S. House-4 Steve King R 50%
ID U.S. Senate-Sr Mike Crapo R 17%
ID U.S. House-2 Mike Simpson R 50%
IL U.S. Senate-Sr Dick Durbin D 33%
IL U.S. Senate-Jr Mark Kirk R 50%
IL U.S. House-1 Bobby Rush D 33%
IL U.S. House-3 Daniel Lipinski D 33%
IL U.S. House-4 Luis Gutierrez D 0%
IL U.S. House-6 Peter Roskam R 50%
IL U.S. House-7 Danny Davis D 50%
IL U.S. House-9 Jan Schakowsky D 50%
IL U.S. House-15 John Shimkus R 50%
IL Mayor-At-Large Rahm Emanuel D 50%
IN U.S. Senate-Jr Joe Donnelly, Sr. D 17%
IN U.S. House-1 Pete Visclosky D 33%
IN Governor Mike Pence R 50%
KS U.S. Senate-Sr Pat Roberts R 33%
KS U.S. Senate-Jr Jerry Moran R 50%
KY U.S. Senate-Sr Mitch McConnell R 33%
KY U.S. House-1 Ed Whitfield R 50%
KY U.S. House-3 John Yarmuth D 17%
KY U.S. House-5 Hal Rogers R 50%
LA U.S. Senate-Sr Mary Landrieu D 33%
LA U.S. Senate-Jr David Vitter R 50%
LA U.S. House-3 Charles Boustany, Jr. R 50%
LA U.S. House-5 Rodney Alexander R 50%
MA U.S. House-1 Richard Neal D 50%
MA U.S. House-2 Jim McGovern D 33%
MA U.S. House-5 Ed Markey D 33%
MA U.S. House-6 John Tierney D 33%
MA U.S. House-7 Mike Capuano D 50%
MA U.S. House-8 Stephen Lynch D 33%
MD U.S. Senate-Sr Barbara Mikulski D 33%
MD U.S. Senate-Jr Ben Cardin D 33%
MD U.S. House-2 Dutch Ruppersberger D 50%
MD U.S. House-3 John Sarbanes D 50%
MD U.S. House-5 Steny Hoyer D 50%
MD U.S. House-7 Elijah Cummings D 33%
MD U.S. House-8 Chris Van Hollen, Jr. D 50%
ME U.S. Senate-Sr Susan Collins R 17%
ME U.S. House-2 Mike Michaud D 33%
MI U.S. Senate-Sr Carl Levin D 33%
MI U.S. Senate-Jr Debbie Stabenow D 17%
MI U.S. House-4 Dave Camp R 67%
MI U.S. House-6 Fred Upton R 50%
MI U.S. House-7 Tim Walberg R 67%
MI U.S. House-8 Mike Rogers R 50%
MI U.S. House-9 Sandy Levin D 50%
MI U.S. House-10 Candice Miller R 50%
MI U.S. House-12 John Dingell D 50%
MI U.S. House-13 John Conyers, Jr. D 50%
MN U.S. Senate-Sr Amy Klobuchar DFL 17%
MN U.S. House-1 Tim Walz DFL 33%
MN U.S. House-2 John Kline R 50%
MN U.S. House-4 Betty McCollum DFL 50%
MN U.S. House-5 Keith Ellison DFL 50%
MN U.S. House-6 Michele Bachmann R 50%
MN U.S. House-7 Collin Peterson DFL 50%
MO U.S. Senate-Sr Claire McCaskill D 0%
MO U.S. Senate-Jr Roy Blunt R 50%
MO U.S. House-1 Lacy Clay, Jr. D 50%
MO U.S. House-5 Emanuel Cleaver II D 50%
MO U.S. House-6 Sam Graves R 50%
MS U.S. Senate-Sr Thad Cochran R 50%
MS U.S. House-2 Bennie Thompson D 17%
MT U.S. Senate-Sr Max Baucus D 17%
MT U.S. Senate-Jr Jon Tester D 0%
NA U.S. Secretary of Defense Charles Hagel R 83%
NA U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry D 33%
NC U.S. Senate-Sr Richard Burr R 50%
NC U.S. House-1 G.K. Butterfield, Jr. D 33%
NC U.S. House-3 Walter Jones, Jr. R 0%
NC U.S. House-4 David Price D 50%
NC U.S. House-5 Virginia Foxx R 50%
NC U.S. House-6 Howard Coble R 50%
NC U.S. House-7 Mike McIntyre D 17%
NC U.S. House-10 Patrick McHenry R 50%
NC U.S. House-12 Mel Watt D 50%
NE U.S. House-1 Jeff Fortenberry R 33%
NE U.S. House-2 Lee Terry R 50%
NE U.S. House-3 Adrian Smith R 50%
NH U.S. House-1 Carol Shea-Porter D 33%
NJ U.S. Senate-Sr Bob Menendez D 33%
NJ U.S. House-1 Rob Andrews D 17%
NJ U.S. House-2 Frank LoBiondo R 50%
NJ U.S. House-4 Chris Smith R 33%
NJ U.S. House-5 Scott Garrett R 50%
NJ U.S. House-6 Frank Pallone, Jr. D 33%
NJ U.S. House-8 Albio Sires D 50%
NJ U.S. House-9 Bill Pascrell, Jr. D 33%
NJ U.S. House-11 Rodney Frelinghuysen R 50%
NJ U.S. House-12 Rush Holt, Jr. D 33%
NM U.S. Senate-Sr Thomas Udall D 33%
NM U.S. House-2 Steve Pearce R 50%
NV U.S. Senate-Sr Harry Reid D 17%
NV U.S. Senate-Jr Dean Heller R 33%
NY U.S. Senate-Sr Chuck Schumer D 33%
NY U.S. Senate-Jr Kirsten Gillibrand D 50%
NY U.S. House-1 Tim Bishop D 50%
NY U.S. House-2 Pete King R 50%
NY U.S. House-3 Steve Israel D 50%
NY U.S. House-4 Carolyn McCarthy D 50%
NY U.S. House-5 Gregory Meeks D 50%
NY U.S. House-7 Nydia Velázquez D 33%
NY U.S. House-9 Yvette Clarke D 33%
NY U.S. House-10 Jerry Nadler D 33%
NY U.S. House-12 Carolyn Maloney D 50%
NY U.S. House-13 Charlie Rangel D 50%
NY U.S. House-14 Joe Crowley D 50%
NY U.S. House-15 José Serrano D 33%
NY U.S. House-16 Eliot Engel D 50%
NY U.S. House-17 Nita Lowey D 50%
NY U.S. House-25 Louise Slaughter D 17%
NY U.S. House-26 Brian Higgins D 33%
OH U.S. Senate-Sr Sherrod Brown D 0%
OH U.S. House-1 Steve Chabot R 33%
OH U.S. House-4 Jim Jordan R 33%
OH U.S. House-8 John Boehner R 50%
OH U.S. House-9 Marcy Kaptur D 33%
OH U.S. House-10 Mike Turner R 50%
OH U.S. House-12 Pat Tiberi R 50%
OH U.S. House-13 Tim Ryan D 33%
OK U.S. Senate-Sr Jim Inhofe R 33%
OK U.S. House-3 Frank Lucas R 50%
OK U.S. House-4 Tom Cole R 50%
OK Governor Mary Fallin R 50%
OR U.S. Senate-Sr Ron Wyden D 33%
OR U.S. House-2 Greg Walden R 50%
OR U.S. House-3 Earl Blumenauer D 50%
OR U.S. House-4 Peter DeFazio D 17%
PA U.S. Senate-Sr Bob Casey, Jr. D 17%
PA U.S. House-1 Bob Brady D 33%
PA U.S. House-2 Chaka Fattah, Sr. D 50%
PA U.S. House-6 Jim Gerlach R 50%
PA U.S. House-9 Bill Shuster R 33%
PA U.S. House-13 Allyson Schwartz D 50%
PA U.S. House-14 Mike Doyle, Jr. D 50%
PA U.S. House-15 Charlie Dent R 50%
PA U.S. House-16 Joe Pitts R 50%
PA U.S. House-18 Tim Murphy R 33%
RI U.S. Senate-Sr Jack Reed D 0%
RI U.S. Senate-Jr Sheldon Whitehouse D 0%
RI U.S. House-2 Jim Langevin D 33%
SC U.S. Senate-Sr Lindsey Graham R 33%
SC U.S. House-2 Joe Wilson, Sr. R 50%
SC U.S. House-6 Jim Clyburn D 33%
SD U.S. Senate-Jr John Thune R 17%
TN U.S. Senate-Sr Lamar Alexander R 17%
TN U.S. Senate-Jr Robert Corker R 17%
TN U.S. House-2 John Duncan, Jr. R 0%
TN U.S. House-5 Jim Cooper D 67%
TN U.S. House-7 Marsha Blackburn R 33%
TN U.S. House-9 Steve Cohen D 33%
TX U.S. Senate-Sr John Cornyn R 50%
TX U.S. House-1 Louie Gohmert R 33%
TX U.S. House-2 Ted Poe R 17%
TX U.S. House-3 Sam Johnson R 33%
TX U.S. House-4 Ralph Hall R 33%
TX U.S. House-5 Jeb Hensarling R 50%
TX U.S. House-6 Joe Barton R 50%
TX U.S. House-7 John Culberson R 33%
TX U.S. House-8 Kevin Brady R 50%
TX U.S. House-9 Al Green D 50%
TX U.S. House-10 Michael McCaul R 33%
TX U.S. House-11 Mike Conaway R 50%
TX U.S. House-12 Kay Granger R 50%
TX U.S. House-13 Mac Thornberry R 50%
TX U.S. House-15 Rubén Hinojosa, Sr. D 50%
TX U.S. House-18 Sheila Jackson Lee D 50%
TX U.S. House-19 Randy Neugebauer R 50%
TX U.S. House-21 Lamar Smith R 33%
TX U.S. House-24 Kenny Marchant R 50%
TX U.S. House-26 Michael Burgess R 0%
TX U.S. House-28 Henry Cuellar D 83%
TX U.S. House-29 Gene Green D 33%
TX U.S. House-30 Eddie Johnson D 50%
TX U.S. House-31 John Carter R 50%
TX U.S. House-32 Pete Sessions R 50%
TX U.S. House-35 Lloyd Doggett D 50%
UT U.S. Senate-Sr Orrin Hatch R 17%
UT U.S. House-1 Rob Bishop R 33%
UT U.S. House-4 Jim Matheson D 83%
VA U.S. House-3 Bobby Scott D 50%
VA U.S. House-4 Randy Forbes R 50%
VA U.S. House-6 Bob Goodlatte R 50%
VA U.S. House-7 Eric Cantor R 50%
VA U.S. House-8 Jim Moran, Jr. D 50%
VA U.S. House-10 Frank Wolf R 50%
VT U.S. Senate-Sr Patrick Leahy D 0%
VT U.S. Senate-Jr Bernie Sanders I 0%
VT U.S. House-At-Large Peter Welch D 33%
WA U.S. Senate-Sr Patty Murray D 33%
WA U.S. Senate-Jr Maria Cantwell D 33%
WA U.S. House-2 Rick Larsen D 50%
WA U.S. House-4 Doc Hastings R 17%
WA U.S. House-5 Cathy McMorris Rodgers R 33%
WA U.S. House-7 Jim McDermott D 50%
WA U.S. House-8 Dave Reichert R 33%
WA U.S. House-9 Adam Smith D 50%
WA Governor Jay Inslee D 50%
WI U.S. Senate-Jr Tammy Baldwin D 50%
WI U.S. House-1 Paul Ryan R 50%
WI U.S. House-3 Ron Kind D 50%
WI U.S. House-4 Gwen Moore D 33%
WI U.S. House-5 Jim Sensenbrenner, Jr. R 50%
WI U.S. House-6 Tom Petri R 50%
WV U.S. Senate-Sr Jay Rockefeller IV D 17%
WV U.S. House-2 Shelley Moore Capito R 50%
WV U.S. House-3 Nick Rahall II D 50%
WY U.S. Senate-Sr Mike Enzi R 50%
Gary Ackerman Other 33%
Daniel Akaka, Sr. Other 0%
Todd Akin Other 50%
Wayne Allard Other 50%
Thomas Allen Other 50%
Jason Altmire Other 17%
Michael Arcuri Other 33%
Joe Baca, Sr. Other 33%
Brian Baird Other 50%
J. Gresham Barrett Other 33%
Roscoe Bartlett Other 83%
Evan Bayh Other 33%
Melissa Bean Other 50%
Bob Bennett Other 50%
Shelley Berkley Other 33%
Howard Berman Other 50%
Marion Berry Other 50%
Judy Biggert Other 50%
Brian Bilbray Other 50%
Michael Bilirakis Other 50%
Jeff Bingaman Other 17%
Kit Bond Other 50%
Mary Bono Mack Other 50%
Dan Boren Other 67%
Leonard Boswell Other 50%
Rick Boucher Other 33%
Allen Boyd, Jr. Other 50%
Nancy Boyda Other 33%
Henry Brown, Jr. Other 50%
Ginny Brown-Waite Other 33%
Jim Bunning Other 33%
Dan Burton Other 50%
Steve Buyer Other 0%
Robert Byrd Other 0%
Chris Cannon Other 50%
Dennis Cardoza Other 50%
Russ Carnahan Other 33%
Christopher Carney Other 50%
Mike Castle Other 50%
Ben Chandler III Other 33%
Norm Coleman Other 17%
Kent Conrad Other 17%
Jerry Costello Other 17%
Larry Craig Other 17%
Robert Cramer Other 67%
Artur Davis Other 50%
David Davis Other 50%
Geoff Davis Other 33%
Lincoln Davis Other 50%
Thomas Davis III Other 50%
Bill Delahunt Other 50%
James DeMint Other 50%
Lincoln Diaz-Balart Other 50%
Norm Dicks Other 50%
Elizabeth Dole Other 33%
Pete Domenici, Jr. Other 50%
John Doolittle Other 33%
Byron Dorgan Other 0%
Thelma Drake Other 50%
David Dreier Other 50%
Chet Edwards Other 50%
Vern Ehlers Other 67%
Brad Ellsworth Other 33%
Jo Ann Emerson Other 50%
Philip English Other 50%
John Ensign Other 17%
Bob Etheridge Other 50%
Terry Everett Other 33%
Tom Feeney Other 50%
Russ Feingold Other 0%
Michael Ferguson Other 50%
Vito Fossella, Jr. Other 50%
Barney Frank Other 50%
Elton Gallegly Other 50%
Gabrielle Giffords Other 50%
Wayne Gilchrest Other 50%
Charlie Gonzalez Other 67%
Virgil Goode, Jr. Other 17%
Bart Gordon Other 50%
Judd Gregg Other 50%
John Hall Other 33%
Phil Hare Other 17%
Jane Harman Other 33%
Robert Hayes Other 0%
Wally Herger, Jr. Other 33%
Stephanie Herseth Sandlin Other 50%
Baron Hill Other 67%
Maurice Hinchey Other 50%
David Lee Hobson Other 50%
Paul Hodes Other 33%
Pete Hoekstra Other 50%
Thomas Holden Other 50%
Darlene Hooley Other 33%
Kenny Hulshof Other 50%
Kay Hutchison Other 33%
Bob Inglis, Sr. Other 50%
Daniel Inouye Other 33%
Jesse Jackson, Jr. Other 50%
William Jefferson Other 33%
Tim Johnson Other 67%
Steve Kagen Other 33%
Paul Kanjorski Other 50%
Ric Keller Other 50%
Edward Kennedy, Sr. Other 17%
Patrick Kennedy Other 17%
Dale Kildee Other 33%
Carolyn Kilpatrick Other 33%
Ron Klein Other 50%
Joseph Knollenberg Other 50%
Herb Kohl Other 33%
Dennis Kucinich Other 17%
John Kuhl, Jr. Other 50%
Jon Kyl Other 33%
Nicholas Lampson Other 50%
Steve LaTourette Other 50%
Frank Lautenberg Other 33%
Jerry Lewis Other 50%
Ron Lewis Other 33%
Joe Lieberman Other 50%
Blanche Lincoln Other 33%
John Linder Other 50%
Dick Lugar Other 83%
Dan Lungren Other 50%
Connie Mack IV Other 50%
Tim Mahoney Other 50%
Don Manzullo Other 67%
Jim Marshall Other 0%
Melquiades Martinez Other 50%
Thaddeus McCotter Other 50%
James McCrery III Other 50%
John McHugh Other 50%
Michael McNulty Other 33%
Kendrick Meek, Sr. Other 50%
Charlie Melancon, Sr. Other 33%
Brad Miller Other 33%
Harry Mitchell Other 33%
Alan Mollohan Other 50%
Dennis Moore Other 50%
Patrick Murphy Other 17%
Jack Murtha Other 50%
Marilyn Musgrave Other 33%
Sue Myrick Other 33%
Ben Nelson Other 33%
Jim Oberstar Other 33%
Dave Obey Other 33%
John Olver Other 50%
Solomon Ortiz, Sr. Other 50%
Ron Paul Other 50%
Donald Payne Other 33%
John Peterson Other 33%
Charles Pickering, Jr. Other 17%
Todd Platts Other 33%
Earl Pomeroy Other 50%
Jon Porter, Sr. Other 50%
Deborah Pryce Other 33%
George Radanovich Other 50%
James Ramstad Other 33%
Ralph Regula Other 50%
Denny Rehberg Other 50%
Richard Renzi Other 50%
Silvestre Reyes Other 50%
Thomas Reynolds Other 50%
Ciro Rodriguez Other 33%
Mike Ross Other 50%
Steve Rothman Other 17%
Ken Salazar Other 33%
William Sali Other 50%
Jim Saxton Other 50%
Jean Schmidt Other 33%
Joe Sestak, Jr. Other 50%
John Shadegg Other 50%
Christopher Shays Other 67%
Heath Shuler Other 0%
Ike Skelton Other 33%
Gordon Smith Other 17%
Olympia Snowe Other 17%
Vic Snyder Other 67%
Hilda Solis Other 33%
Mark Souder Other 50%
Zack Space Other 17%
Arlen Specter Other 33%
John Spratt, Jr. Other 0%
Pete Stark Other 50%
Cliff Stearns Other 33%
Ted Stevens Other 33%
Bart Stupak Other 17%
John Sullivan Other 33%
John Sununu Other 50%
Betty Sutton Other 33%
Tom Tancredo Other 50%
John Tanner Other 50%
Ellen Tauscher Other 50%
Gene Taylor Other 33%
Todd Tiahrt Other 50%
Ed Towns Other 50%
George Voinovich Other 33%
James Walsh Other 50%
Zach Wamp Other 33%
John Warner Other 33%
Diane Watson Other 33%
Jim Webb, Jr. Other 17%
Anthony Weiner Other 50%
David Weldon Other 33%
Gerald Weller Other 33%
Robert Wexler Other 17%
Charlie Wilson, Jr. Other 17%
Heather Wilson Other 50%
Lynn Woolsey Other 33%
David Wu Other 17%

How to Interpret these Evaluations

Keep in mind that ratings done by special interest groups often do not represent a non-partisan stance. In addition, some groups select votes that tend to favor members of one political party over another, rather than choosing votes based solely on issues concerns. Nevertheless, they can be invaluable in showing where an incumbent has stood on a series of votes in the past one or two years, especially when ratings by groups on all sides of an issue are compared. Website links, if available, and descriptions of the organizations offering performance evaluations are accessible by clicking on the name of the group.

Most performance evaluations are displayed in a percentage format. However, some organizations present their ratings in the form of a letter grade or endorsement based on voting records, interviews, survey results and/or sources of campaign funding. For consistency and ease in understanding, Project Vote Smart converts all scores into a percentage when possible. Please visit the group's website or call 1-888-VOTESMART for more specific information.